**autonomy** 
("auto"="self", 
nomos="law",
literally: "gives oneself one's own law")
	aesthetic autonomy
		emancipation of (Western) arts
			vs. church
			vs. artistocratic patrons
			vs. private patrons
				non-collectable art
					performance art
						![image](attached://c74d72718cdb710aebf80f092817fdbb 150x97)
						Valie Export, *Underdog File*, 1969
						 ![image](attached://e90a7401f0859406ff52307e31736071 150x98)
						Adrian Piper, *Funk Lessons*, 1984
						![image](attached://c82130e4c261561d39c398fd3ec0ba1d 150x99)
						Geo Wyeth, *Juice CrosxxxSing*, 2018
					multiples
					artists' publishing
					net.art
				community art
			vs. craft guilds / creative industries
				fine art
				artistic research
			vs. art institutions
				underground culture
					![image](attached://5c5f070b4faae2d22fd112fb785b0989 150x111)
					Jack Smith, *Flaming Creatures* (queer experimental film from 1963, needed to be little screened in basements - "underground" - because of its pornographic images)
				institutional critique
					Art Workers Coalition
						![image](attached://aba956f61423640c37bc79d79d3f63e8 101x150)
						Art Workers Coalition, 1969
					Guerilla Girls
						 ![image](attached://093ea92582fcf8a53e760c8ea9ef5996 150x65)
						Guerilla Girls, 2012
		"autonome beeldende kunst" vs. "toegepast kunst" (Dutch)
			"freie Kunst" vs. "angewandte Kunst" (German)
			"fine art" vs. "design" (English)
			"beaux-arts" vs. "arts décoratifs" (French)
		autonomous vs. politically engaged art
			abstract art vs. socialist realism
		autonomy in aesthetic philosophy
			Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgement (1790): "disinterested pleasure" in beauty
				beginning of the debate whether art should stand on its own ground ("l'art pour l'art") or can serve other interests (political, economic etc.)
			Friedrich Schiller, Kallias letters (1793): beauty as autonomy and freedom "in appearance"
				written in monarchist Germany after the French revolution: hope that sensibility for art will free people and lead towards a democratic society.
			Theodor W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory (1970), artwork has both autonomy and is a "fait social"
				art is neither in a bubble outside society, nor just a consumer product.
			Pierre Bourdieu, The Field of Cultural Production (1993): art is autonomous when it seeks its own market, heteronomous when it has been commissioned
				Star Wars = autonomous art
				publicly funded contemporary art = not autonomous art
			Jacques Rancière, The Politics of Aesthetics (2006): through autonomy, modern and contemporary art breaks down hierarchies in its own system,  which is a model for society
				no more separation between aesthetic and political autonomism
		cultural politics
			Johan Rudolph Thorbecke (1862): ‘De kunst is geene regeringszaak, in zooverre de Regering geen oordeel, noch eenig gezag heeft op het gebied der kunst.’
			fusion of Dutch art school departments of sculpture, painting etc. into departments "autonome beeldende kunst" (late 1990s)
			autonomy vs. creative industries (since the 1990s [UK]/2010s [NL])
			designers like Metahaven get shown as contemporary art, artists like Jeanne van Heeswijk get showcased as social design (today)
	political autonomy
		autonomous
		 governance
			nationalism
				Brexit
				Nexit
				Flemish separatism
				Catalan separatism
				Québécois separatism
				Kurdish independence (Rojava)
					![image](attached://f242a5e9f4aff1c302db799eb4098143 139x150)
					Jonas Staal, *New World Summit Rojava* (2015-2018)
				Taiwanese independence from China
				South Sudan
			private governance (house rules)
				schools
				pubs, clubs
				gated communities, shopping malls
				terms of service for Internet platforms
			autonomous political movement ![22-autonomen](attached://2fb0f0da988157aa4b33348dbe0c12cb 150x106) 
				squatter culture
				tactical media
					free radio
					zines
					Wikileaks
					Wikipedia
					TOR
						![image](attached://b5091e1daad31d6eb0dd321837e65b55 150x150)
						Trevor Paglen & Jacob Appelbaum, *Autonomy Cube* (2010)
					Bitcoin
				hacker culture 
					![image](attached://b3069cd50166f3d87fd032704a2e5cb1 150x100)
					*Chaos Communication Camp*
				radical feminism
				indigenous activist groups: Zapatistas...
				Black activist spaces
					![image](attached://469400a480deb7e1bc31677f3587cc83 149x89)
					Community Futures Lab, Philadelphia
				queer safe spaces
					![image](attached://18d1c2f87aeaf7a9ed00de48c0b9987a 150x99)
					Tender Center Rotterdam
				self-declared free states
					![13-otto_muehl](attached://43ffe3d21468f88ffe9ebed2e30f4ac9 150x107)
					Otto Muehl Commune
					![image](attached://1baf2c0ddb1eb27869e679f0ae78ce88 150x111)
					Free State of AVL-Ville (Atelier van Lieshout)
					![image](attached://77b2dc87aeca1d36b938b90345a9268c 103x150)
					NSK State (Irwin/Laibach)
					Christiania (Copenhagen)
					Seattle Autonomous Zone (2020)
				neofascist "liberated zones"
					![image](attached://d0bccc3e377328fb6a692416f3fc5b55 150x84)
					"Reichsbürger" in Germany
					![image](attached://06f2340d808eb14055e72600f796c063 150x99)
					*Casa Pound* squat in Rome, Italy
			public governance
				local governments
				regional governments
				national governments
				supra-national governance (EU, U.N.)
		autonomist : political philosophy
			Autonomia operaia (Italy, 1970s)
				Franco 'Bifo' Berardi
					from industrial to immaterial labor, "we all are Silicon Valley"
						![dropped image link](http://immateriallaborunion.net/images/cover6.png)
						Immaterial Labour Union zine, Rotterdam
				Silvia Federici
					![image](attached://af555d70d40ea6d5fea0ebe10e5802b2 150x94)
					Care labor as overlooked labor
					
			Hakim Bey, temporary autonomous zone ![23-bey-taz](attached://e9b4f372537479e6331e293ec5d457d3 96x150) 
				temporary free spaces (by ravers, squatters, artists)
				![image](attached://ea45cc06f05d059e3956776329c5c419 150x100)
			cyberlibertarianism & Neoreaction (extreme right)
				radical free market economy (Ayn Rand) ![image](attached://a1a0728e592b3b382438abf80bdc2092 89x150)
				seasteading (autonomous high-tech city nations on islands) 
				![image](attached://14f191f964eac28a1c141ec95539963c 150x84)
	physical (biopolitical) autonomy
		medical treatment
			euthanasia
			psychiatry
		anti-discrimination
			people of color activism
				Rosa Parks (1960s) ![06-rosa_parks](attached://1e169f93b5bdf7ccd56b43f2ee1788b6 150x84)
			queer rights
				choosing one's gender
				gender fluidity
			feminism
				abortion rights
					Barbara Kruger, Your Body Is a Battleground (1989) ![02-kruger_your_body](attached://1792f3a30f9d45b5bb6e8724702d3578 149x150)
				equal pay
			neurodiversity
			trade unions
		food / diet
			FOOD (Gordon Matta Clark, Caroline Goodden, Anarchitecture group)
			![33-food](attached://33f8bd7bc8a66a94502ed186977fd394 150x75) 
		shelter
			housing
				Stichting NAC / Wolfaertstraat Rotterdam
				Fluxhouse Cooperative (1966-75)
			prisons / detention
				Trevor Paglen, Blacksites
		drug consumption
		weapons, fireworks
	autonomous systems
		artificial intelligence
			robots
				Survival Research Labs
				Institute of Applied Autonomy
			self-driving cars
			chat bots
			generative art & design
				Moniker, Conditional Design
				![image](attached://ec1ed0e23ddd292f6c17ef501004f536 149x89)
				Remko Scha, The Guitars
		![36-bertalanffy](attached://51b8828383ac68a486cc9f879c2e2f33 93x142)
		General System Theory
		
			open vs. closed systems
				Buckminster Fuller, domes
			autopoiesis (self-creation)
				bio design
				bio art
				sociology (Niklas Luhmann) ![40-luhmann](attached://4a3f6d231b2def4582227ae51a4ddafd 99x150) 
					systems/institutions have no meaning or function but their own self-preservation