**autonomy** ("auto"="self", nomos="law", literally: "gives oneself one's own law")

bodily (biopolitical) autonomy
- medical treatment
  - euthanasia
  - psychiatry
- anti-discrimination
  - people of color activism
    - Rosa Parks (1960s)
  - queer rights
    - choosing one's gender
    - gender fluidity
  - feminism
    - abortion rights
      - Barbara Kruger, Your Body Is a Battleground (1989)
    - equal pay
  - neurodiversity
  - trade unions
- food / diet
  - FOOD (Gordon Matta Clark, Caroline Goodden, Anarchitecture group)
- shelter
  - housing
    - Stichting NAC / Wolphaertstraat Rotterdam
    - Fluxhouse Cooperative (1966-75)
  - prisons / detention
    - Trevor Paglen, Blacksites
- drug consumption
- weapons, fireworks
autonomous systems
- artificial intelligence
  - robots
    - Survival Research Labs
    - Institute of Applied Autonomy
  - self-driving cars
  - chat bots
  - generative art & design
    - Moniker, Conditional Design
    - Remko Scha, The Guitars
- General System Theory
  - open vs. closed systems
    - Buckminster Fuller, domes
  - autopoiesis (self-creation)
    - bio design
    - bio art
    - sociology (Niklas Luhmann)
      - systems/institutions have no meaning or function but their own self-preservation
aesthetic autonomy
- emancipation of (Western) arts
  - vs. church
  - vs. artistocratic patrons
  - vs. private patrons
    - non-collectable art
      - performance art
        Valie Export, *Underdog File*, 1969
        
        Adrian Piper, *Funk Lessons*, 1984
        
        Geo Wyeth, *Juice CrosxxxSing*, 2018
      - multiples
      - artists' publishing
      - net.art
    - community art
  - vs. craft guilds / creative industries
    - fine art
    - artistic research
  - vs. art institutions
    - underground culture
      - Jack Smith, *Flaming Creatures* (queer experimental film from 1963, needed to be little screened in basements - "underground" - because of its pornographic images)
    - institutional critique
      - Art Workers Coalition
        Art Workers Coalition, 1969
      - Guerilla Girls
        Guerilla Girls, 2012
- "autonome beeldende kunst" vs. "toegepast kunst" (Dutch)
  - "freie Kunst" vs. "angewandte Kunst" (German)
  - "fine art" vs. "design" (English)
  - "beaux-arts" vs. "arts décoratifs" (French)
- autonomous vs. politically engaged art
  - abstract art vs. socialist realism
- autonomy in aesthetic philosophy
  - Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgement (1790): "disinterested pleasure" in beauty
    - beginning of the debate whether art should stand on its own ground ("l'art pour l'art") or can serve other interests (political, economic etc.)
    Friedrich Schiller, Kallias letters (1793): beauty as autonomy and freedom "in appearance"
    - written in monarchist Germany after the French revolution: hope that sensibility for art will free people and lead towards a democratic society.
    Theodor W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory (1970), artwork has both autonomy and is a "fait social"
    - art is neither in a bubble outside society, nor just a consumer product.
    Pierre Bourdieu, The Field of Cultural Production (1993): art is autonomous when it seeks its own market, heteronomous when it has been commissioned
    - Star Wars = autonomous art
    - publicly funded contemporary art = not autonomous art
    Jacques Rancière, The Politics of Aesthetics (2006): through autonomy, modern and contemporary art breaks down hierarchies in its own system, which is a model for society
    - no more separation between aesthetic and political autonomism
- cultural politics
  - Johan Rudolph Thorbecke (1862): ‘De kunst is geene regeringszaak, in zooverre de Regering geen oordeel, noch eenig gezag heeft op het gebied der kunst.’
    fusion of Dutch art school departments of sculpture, painting etc. into departments "autonome beeldende kunst" (late 1990s)
    autonomy vs. creative industries (since the 1990s [UK]/2010s [NL])
    designers like Metahaven get shown as contemporary art, artists like Jeanne van Heeswijk get showcased as social design (today)
political autonomy
- autonomous governance
  - nationalism
    - Brexit
    - Nexit
    - Flemish separatism
    - Catalan separatism
    - Québécois separatism
    - Kurdish independence (Rojava)
      - Jonas Staal, *New World Summit Rojava* (2015-2018)
    - Taiwanese independence from China
    - South Sudan
  - private governance (house rules)
    - schools
    - pubs, clubs
    - gated communities, shopping malls
    - terms of service for Internet platforms
  - autonomous political movement
    - squatter culture
    - tactical media
      - free radio
      - zines
      - Wikileaks
      - Wikipedia
      - TOR
        Trevor Paglen & Jacob Appelbaum, *Autonomy Cube* (2010)
      - Bitcoin
    - hacker culture
      - *Chaos Communication Camp*
    - radical feminism
    - indigenous activist groups: Zapatistas...
    - Black activist spaces
      - Community Futures Lab, Philadelphia
    - queer safe spaces
      - Tender Center Rotterdam
    - self-declared free states
      - Otto Muehl Commune
      - Free State of AVL-Ville (Atelier van Lieshout)
      - NSK State (Irwin/Laibach)
      - Christiania (Copenhagen)
      - Seattle Autonomous Zone (2020)
    - neofascist "liberated zones"
      - "Reichsbürger" in Germany
      - *Casa Pound* squat in Rome, Italy
  - public governance
    - local governments
    - regional governments
    - national governments
    - supra-national governance (EU, U.N.)
- autonomist : political philosophy
  - Autonomia operaia (Italy, 1970s)
    - Franco 'Bifo' Berardi
      - from industrial to immaterial labor, "we all are Silicon Valley"
        Immaterial Labour Union zine, Rotterdam
    - Silvia Federici
      - Care labor as overlooked labor
  - Hakim Bey, temporary autonomous zone
    - temporary free spaces (by ravers, squatters, artists)
  - cyberlibertarianism & Neoreaction (extreme right)
    - radical free market economy (Ayn Rand)
    - seasteading (autonomous high-tech city nations on islands)