1 Wikipedia concisely covers the subject in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway’s_Game_of_Life .

2 Georg  Philipp Harsdörffer. Mathematische und philosophische Erquickstunden. Texte der frühen Neuzeit. Keip, Frankfurt (Nürnberg), 1990 (1636). [ 44 ]and Georg  Philipp Harsdörffer. Frauenzimmer Gesprächspiele. Deutsche Neudrucke: Reihe Barock. Niemeyer, Tübingen, 1968-69 (1643-57). [ 43 ]

3 Daniel  Georg Morhof. De Acuta Dictione. Petrus Böckmannus, Lübeck, 1705. [ 70 ]

4 Jonathan Swift. Gulliver’s Travels. Washington Square Press, New York, 1960. [ 97 ], part 3, chapter 5

5 Mark Greengrass, editor. The Hartlib Papers. University Microfilms, Michigan, 1996. CD-ROM. [ 41 ]

6 In his Latin treatise Quirinus Kuhlmann. Prodomus. Lotho de Haes, Amsterdam, 1674. [ 59 ]

7 Jorge  Luis Borges. The Library of Babel. In Ficciones, pages 79–88. Grove Press, New York, 1941. [ 13 ]

8 Novalis. Das Allgemeine Brouillon. Meiner, Hamburg, 1993 (1798/99). [ 72 ]

9 Jacques Scherer. Le livre de Mallarmé. Gallimard, Paris, 1977 (1957). [ 90 ]

10 Stéphane Mallarmé. Un coup de dés jamais n’abolira le hasard. Gallimard, Paris, 1993 (1914). [ 66 ]

11 Translated from German from Eugen Gomringer. 3 variationen zu kein fehler im system. In Eugen Gomringer, editor, konkrete poesie, pages 63–64. Reclam, Stuttgart, 1972. [ 38 ]

12 Eugen Gomringer. vom vers zur konstellation. In Eugen Gomringer, editor, zur sache der konkreten, volume  1, pages 7–12. Erker-Verlag, St. Gallen, 1988 (1954). [ 39 ], English translation from http://www.ubu.com/papers/gomringer01.html

13 His extreme formalism was counterbalanced, one could argue, by his partisanship for artistic experimentation and play, and for avant-garde art in the 1950s, a period where particularly in Germany realism, existentialism and post-symbolist introversion dominated literature.

14 Claude  E. Shannon. A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27:379–423, July 1948. [ 92 ]

15 In his preface to the anthology konkrete poesie, Reclam-Verlag 1972, Gomringer credits, among others, Mallarmé and sinologist Ernest Fenollosa whose essay The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry was a major influence on the poetics of Ezra Pound.

16 Although a volume of Burnham’s collected essays appeared, alongside the German translation of Abraham M. Moles’ Art and Computer, in a German art book series under the title Kunst und Strukturalismus (Art and Structuralism).

17 Asger Jorn. La création ouverte et ses ennemis. In: Internationale Situationniste, editor. Internationale situationniste. Édition augmentée. Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris, 1997 (1958-1969)., pages 175–196. [ 52 ], English translation online at http://www.infopool.org.uk/6004.html

18 André Breton. Manifesto of Surrealism. In Manifestoes of Surrealism, pages 1–48. Ann Arbor Paperbacks, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1924. [ 14 ], p. 9

19 Breton [ 14 ], p. 46

20 Walter Benjamin. Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism. New Left Books, London, 1973. [ 8 ].

21 Italo Calvino. If on a Winter’s Night a Traveller. Everyman Publishers, London, 1993 (1979). [ 24 ]

22 Mario Alinei and Alfredo Schiaffini. Spogli elettronici dell’italiano delle origini e del Duecento. Mouton, The Hague, 1968. [ 3 ]

23 Claude  E. Shannon. A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27:379–423, July 1948. [ 92 ]

24 Fran çois Le  Lionnais. Lipo: First manifesto. In: Warren  F. Motte, editor. Oulipo. A Primer of Potential Literature. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, London, 1986., pages 26–28. [ 61 ], p. 27

25 Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Randal  L. Schwartz. Programming Perl. O’Reilly, Cambridge, Köln, Paris, Sebastopol, Tokyo, 1996. [ 99 ]

26 Charles  O. Hartman and Hugh Kenner. Sentences. Sun and Moon Pres, Los Angeles, 1995. [ 45 ]

27 Tristan Tzara. Pour fair une poème dadaïste. In Oeuvres complètes. Gallimard, Paris, 1975. [ 98 ], English translation online at, among others, http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/5774

28 William  S. Burroughs. The Cut-Up Method of Brion Gysin. In: William  S. Burroughs. The Third Mind. Viking, New York, 1978. [ 17 ]

29 John Cage. Roaratorio. Ein irischer Circus über Finnegans Wake. Athenäum, Königstein/Taunus, 1982. [ 20 ]

30 The program is still available under http://www.newmus.net/apps/iching.exe .

31 According to Culver’s website http://www.anarchicharmony.org/People/Culver/CagePrograms.html .

32 John Cage. Roaratorio. Ein irischer Circus über Finnegans Wake. Athenäum, Königstein/Taunus, 1982. [ 20 ]contains a chapter Reading through Finnegans Wake

33 Referenced on Andrew Culver’s website

34 William  S. Burroughs. The Cut-Up Method of Brion Gysin. In: William  S. Burroughs. The Third Mind. Viking, New York, 1978. [ 17 ]

35 Italo Calvino. Cybernetics and Ghosts. In The Uses of Literature, pages 3–27. Harcourt, San Diego, 1982 (1967). [ 22 ]

36 Vladimir Propp, editor. Morphology of the Folktale. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 1968 (1927). [ 78 ]

37 Italo Calvino. Invisible Cities. Harvest Books, Fort Washington, 1978. [ 21 ]

38 Umberto Eco. Misreadings. Harvest, San Diego, 1993. [ 32 ], p. 145-155

39 Tom Sawyer and Arthur  David Weingarten. Plots Unlimited. Ashleywilde, Malibu, 1994. [ 88 ]

40 Theodor  W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer. Dialectic of Enlightenment. Verso, London, 1979 (1947). [ 1 ]

41 Tom Sawyer and Arthur  David Weingarten. Plots Unlimited. Ashleywilde, Malibu, 1994. [ 88 ], cover text

42 http://www.signwave.co.uk

43 Cornelia Sollfrank, editor. net.art generator. Verlag für moderne Kunst, Nürnberg, 2004. [ 94 ]

44 Alfred Jarry. Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll, Pataphysician. Exact Change, Berkeley, 1996 (1911). [ 51 ]

45 This is the title of a text Asger Jorn published in the 6th issue of the Situationist International journal in 1961, Internationale Situationniste, editor. Internationale situationniste. Édition augmentée. Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris, 1997 (1958-1969). [ 93 ].

46 Raymond Queneau. Exercices de style. Gallimard, Paris, 1947. [ 81 ]

47 Raymond Queneau. Cent mille milliards de poèmes. Gallimard, Paris, 1961. [ 82 ]

48 Raymond Queneau. Cent mille milliards de poèmes. Gallimard, Paris, 1961. [ 82 ]

49 Raymond Queneau. Potential literature. In: Warren  F. Motte, editor. Oulipo. A Primer of Potential Literature. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, London, 1986., pages 51–64. [ 83 ], p. 51

50 Georges Perec. A Void. HarperCollins, New York, 1994 1969. [ 75 ]

51 Italo Calvino. Cybernetics and Ghosts. In The Uses of Literature, pages 3–27. Harcourt, San Diego, 1982 (1967). [ 22 ]

52 Italo Calvino. Prose and anticombinatorics. In: Warren  F. Motte, editor. Oulipo. A Primer of Potential Literature. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, London, 1986., pages 143–152. [ 23 ]

53 Abraham  A. Moles. erstes manifest der permutationellen kunst. Stuttgart, 1963. [ 68 ]

54 Abraham  A. Moles. Art et Ordinateur. Casterman, Paris, 1981 (1971). [ 69 ]

55 Internationale Situationniste, editor. Internationale situationniste. Édition augmentée. Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris, 1997 (1958-1969). [ 93 ], p. 411

56 Fran çois Le  Lionnais. Lipo: First manifesto. In: Warren  F. Motte, editor. Oulipo. A Primer of Potential Literature. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, London, 1986., pages 26–28. [ 61 ], p. 27

57 Steven Levy. Hackers. Project Gutenberg, Champaign, IL, 1986 (1984). [ 63 ]

58 Sharon Hopkins. Camels and Needles : Computer Poetry meets the Perl Programming Language, 1991. www.wall.org/~sharon/plpaper.ps . [ 47 ]

59 McKenzie Wark. Essay: Codework. American Book Review, 22(6):1–5, September 2001. [ 100 ]

60 Alan Sondheim. Introduction: Codework. American Book Review, 22(6):1–4, September 2001. [ 95 ]